art-of-swords:

US Military Swords (Hilts)

Source: Lawrance Ordnance

2 months ago

pleaseinsertcoins:

More scans from Fashion Design Course.

(via guieuidsjhyg)

2 months ago

Stages of Death (And how to estimate time of death):

anatomicalart:



—-


Pallor Mortis (Up to 30 minutes after death)
 (Latin for paleness of death) is a postmortem paleness which happens in those with light skin almost instantly (in the 15–20 minutes after the death) because of a lack of capillary circulation throughout the body. The blood sinks down into the lower parts (according to gravity) of the body creating the livor mortis. 
Paleness develops so rapidly after death that it has little to no use in determining the time of death, aside from saying that it either happened less than 30 minutes ago or more, which could help if the body was found very quickly after death.
Also, a living person can look death-pale. This can happen when the circumstances make the blood escape from the surface of the skin, as in deep shock. Also heart failure (Insufficientia cordis) can make the face look gray; the person then also has blue lips.

—-

 Algor mortis (Becomes noticeable after 1 hour)
(Latin: algor—coldness; mortis—of death) is the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature, although external factors can have a significant influence.

 

A measured rectal temperature can give some indication of the time of death. Although the heat conduction which leads to body cooling follows an exponential decay curve, it can be approximated as a linear process: 2° Celsius during the first hour and 1° Celsius per hour until the body nears ambient temperature.

The Glaister equation[1][2] estimates the hours elapsed since death as a linear function of the rectal temperature:

(98.4 °F - [rectal temperature in Fahrenheit]) div 1.5

As decomposition occurs the internal body temperature tends to rise again.

—-

Rigor mortis (Begins Aprox. 3 hours after death.)
(Latin meaning “stiffness of death”) is one of the recognizable signs of death that is caused by a chemical change in the muscles after death, causing the limbs of the corpse to become stiff and difficult to move or manipulate.[1] In humans, it commences after about three to four hours, reaches maximum stiffness after 12 hours, and gradually dissipates until approximately 48 to 60 hours (three days) after death.[2] Warm conditions and physically strenuous activity can speed up the process of rigor mortis. 

—-

Livor mortis (Begins 20 minutes to 3 hours after death.)
(Latin: livor—”bluish color,” mortis—”of death”), postmortem lividity (Latin: postmortem—”after death”, lividity—”black and blue”), or hypostasis (Greek: hupo, meaning “under, beneath”; stasis, meaning “a standing”[1][2]) is one of the signs of death. Livor mortis is a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body, causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin: when the heart is no longer agitating the blood, heavy red blood cells sink through the serum by action of gravity. Intensity of color depends upon the amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. This discoloration does not occur in the areas of the body that are in contact with the ground or another object, as the capillaries are compressed. As the vessel wall become permeable due to decomposition, blood leaks through them and stains the tissue. This is the reason for fixation of hypostasis. 

Coroners can use the presence or absence of livor mortis as a means of determining an approximate time of death. The presence of livor mortis is an indication of when it would be futile to begin CPR, or when it is ineffective to continue if it is in progress. It can also be used by forensic investigators to determine whether or not a body has been moved (for instance, if the body is found lying face down but the pooling is present on the deceased’s back, investigators can determine that the body was originally positioned face up).

Livor mortis starts twenty minutes to three hours after death and is congealed in the capillaries in four to five hours. Maximum lividity occurs within 6–12 hours. The blood pools into the interstitial tissues of the body.


 —-

Putrefaction 
is one of seven stages in the decomposition of the body of a dead animal. It can be viewed, in broad terms, as the decomposition of proteins, in a process that results in the eventual breakdown of cohesion between tissues and the liquefaction of most organs.

Approximate timeline

  • 2–3 days: Discoloration appears on the skin of the abdomen. The abdomen begins to swell, due to gas formation.
  • 3–4 days: The discoloration spreads and discolored veins become visible.
  • 5–6 days: The abdomen swells noticeably, and the skin blisters.
  • 2 weeks: The abdomen is bloated; internal gas pressure nears maximum capacity.
  • 3 weeks: Tissues have softened. Organs and cavities are bursting. The nails fall off.
  • 4 weeks: Soft tissues begin to liquefy, and the face becomes unrecognizable.

 
—-

Decomposition 
(or rotting) is the process by which organic material is broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. Although no two organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word taphos, meaning tomb.


 Five general stages are used to describe the process of decomposition: Fresh, Bloat, Active and Advanced Decay, and Dry/Remains.[3] The general stages of decomposition are coupled with two stages of chemical decomposition: autolysisand putrefaction.[4] These two stages contribute to the chemical process of decomposition, which breaks down the main components of the body

  •  Fresh
     - begins immediately after the heart stops beating 
  •  Bloat
  •  Active Decay
  •  Advanced Decay
  •  Dry/Remains

—-

 skeletonization 
refers to the complete decomposition of the non-bony tissues of a corpse, leading to a bare skeleton. In a temperate climate, it usually requires three weeks to several years for a body to completely decompose into a skeleton, depending on factors such as temperature, presence of insects, and submergence in a substrate such as water. In the tropics, skeletonization can occur in weeks, while in tundra areas, skeletonization will never occur if subzero temperatures persist. Natural embalming processes in peat bogs or salt deserts can delay the process indefinitely, sometimes resulting in natural mummies.

The rate of skeletonization and the present condition of the corpse can be used to determine the time of death.

After skeletonization has occurred, if scavenging animals do not destroy the bones, the skeleton of mid to large size mammals such as humans takes about twenty years to be completely dissolved by the acids in many fertile soils, leaving no trace of the organism. In neutral pH soil or sand, the skeleton will persist for at least several thousand years before it finally disintegrates. Infrequently, however, the skeleton can undergo fossilization, leaving an impression of the bone that can persist for years.

(Source: wikipedia.com)

2 months ago

(Source: phalusifer, via pythias)

2 months ago

blithewine:

A collection of anatomical drawings by Benjamin Haydon, c. 1805

(via the Royal Academy of Arts)

(via rheopexy)

2 months ago
amantes-amentes: blueandbluer: abakkus: fintastical: nannaia: Fashion Timeline History of Vietnamese Clothing (and Ao Dai). A few of my refs here.I love historical clothing and seeing how it evolves. I’ve longed to see the evolution of Vietnamese clothing but always came up empty handed due to lack of information… until now. I owe a lot of the references to the documentary “Searching for Vietnamese Clothing” (which impressively took the filmmaker’ 3 decades to research) and the sources on the Internet. I created this timeline because as a visual person, I like to know how clothing changed by seeing it side by side. I attempted to make a timeline with only primary references (i.e. paintings, sculptures, and photographs from that time period).  I tried to stay true to the original sources’ as much as possible but I can’t say that this is completely accurate. A few art pieces were really hard to decipher (the sitting Buddhist statues in particular) and not being able to see them in person required me to take some educated guesses. I used my own color preferences with the statues that did not have color to reference from. Regrettably I had to skip a few early dynasties because artifacts of those eras seem to have been lost to time or too stylized.Continually a work in progress and more may be added.Artist Observations:* Le Dynasty wins for being the most stylish and varied. IMO.* The colors in Fig. 1 is largely hypothetical. Having no clue what colors the Dong Son culture wore I decided to take inspiration from various ethnic tribes. The pattern on her yellow sash thingy (words fail me, bah) came from an Ao Dai which coincidentally had a pattern that came from a Dong Son drum. Coming full circle here. Lol.*Due to approximately 1,000 years of on and off Chinese domination, the clothing shares qualities to Hanfu but contains tell-tale differences. Dong Son Culture (fig. 1) is the time period before any Han influence takes place. * On average, people wore 3-5 layers of clothing. The climate could be cold (e.g. the Northern regions) and 16-18th century scarves and gloves have been excavated.  * Sleeves could reach to 40cm and were typically the length of chin to waist. * Skirts were banned in 1826 as they were deemed to be “unseemingly”. Not all women followed suit as it was easier to work in skirts than pants. * Buttoned up collars and buttoned clothing does not seem to appear until the 19th century (perhaps late 18th century at the earliest). Interestingly this change seems to coincide with the advent of French Imperialism/Colonization. Collars started rather low but gradually got higher and closer together. * The Ao Tu Than (Fig. 9, 10 and 12) is still around today but as it stopped evolving in the 20th century I decided to concentrate on the Ao Dai (long shirt). * The conical rice hat was originally worn by men (which can be seen in many photographs with Nguyen dynasty soldiers) and only became part of women’s wear sometime in the 20th century. gorgeousss * A* GASP everything is beautiful

amantes-amentes:

blueandbluer:

abakkus:

fintastical:

nannaia:

Fashion Timeline History of Vietnamese Clothing (and Ao Dai).

A few of my refs here.

I love historical clothing and seeing how it evolves. I’ve longed to see the evolution of Vietnamese clothing but always came up empty handed due to lack of information… until now. I owe a lot of the references to the documentary “Searching for Vietnamese Clothing” (which impressively took the filmmaker’ 3 decades to research) and the sources on the Internet. I created this timeline because as a visual person, I like to know how clothing changed by seeing it side by side.

I attempted to make a timeline with only primary references (i.e. paintings, sculptures, and photographs from that time period).  I tried to stay true to the original sources’ as much as possible but I can’t say that this is completely accurate. A few art pieces were really hard to decipher (the sitting Buddhist statues in particular) and not being able to see them in person required me to take some educated guesses. I used my own color preferences with the statues that did not have color to reference from. Regrettably I had to skip a few early dynasties because artifacts of those eras seem to have been lost to time or too stylized.

Continually a work in progress and more may be added.

Artist Observations:

* Le Dynasty wins for being the most stylish and varied. IMO.

* The colors in Fig. 1 is largely hypothetical. Having no clue what colors the Dong Son culture wore I decided to take inspiration from various ethnic tribes. The pattern on her yellow sash thingy (words fail me, bah) came from an Ao Dai which coincidentally had a pattern that came from a Dong Son drum. Coming full circle here. Lol.

*Due to approximately 1,000 years of on and off Chinese domination, the clothing shares qualities to Hanfu but contains tell-tale differences. Dong Son Culture (fig. 1) is the time period before any Han influence takes place.

* On average, people wore 3-5 layers of clothing. The climate could be cold (e.g. the Northern regions) and 16-18th century scarves and gloves have been excavated. 

* Sleeves could reach to 40cm and were typically the length of chin to waist.

* Skirts were banned in 1826 as they were deemed to be “unseemingly”. Not all women followed suit as it was easier to work in skirts than pants.

* Buttoned up collars and buttoned clothing does not seem to appear until the 19th century (perhaps late 18th century at the earliest). Interestingly this change seems to coincide with the advent of French Imperialism/Colonization. Collars started rather low but gradually got higher and closer together.

* The Ao Tu Than (Fig. 9, 10 and 12) is still around today but as it stopped evolving in the 20th century I decided to concentrate on the Ao Dai (long shirt).

* The conical rice hat was originally worn by men (which can be seen in many photographs with Nguyen dynasty soldiers) and only became part of women’s wear sometime in the 20th century.

gorgeousss

* A*

GASP

everything is beautiful

(via c-rowles)

2 months ago
ramirezdahmerbundy: Stages of Deterioration in the Human Body The Moment Of Death: 1. The heart stops. 2. The skin gets tight and ashen in color. 3. All the muscles relax. 4. The bladder and bowels empty.  5. The body temperature begins to drop 1 1/2 degrees Fahrenheit per hour. After 30 minutes: 6. The skin gets purple and waxy. 7. The lips, fingernails, and toenails fade to a pale color. 8. Blood pools at the bottom of the body. 9. The hands and feet turn blue. 10. The eyes sink into the skull. After 4 hours: 11. Rigor mortis has set in. 12. The purpling of the skin and the pooling of the blood continue. 13. Rigor continues to tighten muscles for another 24 hours or so. After 12 hours: 14. The body is in full rigor mortis. After 24 hours: 15. The body is now the temperature of the surrounding environment. 16. In males, the semen dies. 17. The head and neck are now a greenish-blue color. 18. The greenish-blue color spreads to the rest of the body. 19. There is a pervasive smell of rotting meat. After 3 days: 20. The gas in the body tissues forms large blisters on the skin. 21. The whole body begins to bloat and swell grotesquely. 22. Fluids leak from the mouth, nose, vagina, and rectum. After 3 weeks: 23. The skin, hair, and nails are so loose they can easily be pulled off the corpse. 24. The skin bursts open on many places on the body. 25. Decomposition will continue until the body is nothing but skelital remains, a process that can take a month or so in hot climates, and two months or more in cold climates.

ramirezdahmerbundy:

Stages of Deterioration in the Human Body


The Moment Of Death:
1. The heart stops.
2. The skin gets tight and ashen in color.
3. All the muscles relax.
4. The bladder and bowels empty. 
5. The body temperature begins to drop 1 1/2 degrees Fahrenheit per hour.

After 30 minutes:
6. The skin gets purple and waxy.
7. The lips, fingernails, and toenails fade to a pale color.
8. Blood pools at the bottom of the body.
9. The hands and feet turn blue.
10. The eyes sink into the skull.

After 4 hours:
11. Rigor mortis has set in.
12. The purpling of the skin and the pooling of the blood continue.
13. Rigor continues to tighten muscles for another 24 hours or so.

After 12 hours:
14. The body is in full rigor mortis.

After 24 hours:
15. The body is now the temperature of the surrounding environment.
16. In males, the semen dies.
17. The head and neck are now a greenish-blue color.
18. The greenish-blue color spreads to the rest of the body.
19. There is a pervasive smell of rotting meat.

After 3 days:
20. The gas in the body tissues forms large blisters on the skin.
21. The whole body begins to bloat and swell grotesquely.
22. Fluids leak from the mouth, nose, vagina, and rectum.

After 3 weeks:
23. The skin, hair, and nails are so loose they can easily be pulled off the corpse.
24. The skin bursts open on many places on the body.
25. Decomposition will continue until the body is nothing but skelital remains, a process that can take a month or so in hot climates, and two months or more in cold climates.

3 months ago

villainsgoleft:

typette:

reblogging: a sampling of the best humans

ah the article these are from was super interesting

there are actually 38 total from super incredible actors

here is the link!

4 months ago

shuddhi:

Comparative Mammalian Anatomy

(Source: phassa, via pythias)

4 months ago

(Source: paigefarley, via gianali)

4 months ago